电解法二氧化氯发生器清毒处理医院的方法有物理法和化学法两大类。本文就目前国内常用的化学处理法作一综述。
1 氯化法处理医院废水
氯作为一种氯化和消毒的化学药剂,从十九世纪英国皇家污水委员会首次应用污水处理至今,已有一百多年的历史。氯化法处理根据投加氯化物的不同又分为次氯酸钠法、液氯法和二氧化氯发生器法。
(1)电解法二氧化氯发生器次氯酸钠投加法
次氯酸钠(naclo)是最原始的消毒处理方法之一。该方法由于原料来源方便、产品稳定安全、运输方便等特点,应用较为广泛。次氯酸钠作为商品在市场可以购买,也可以现场制作。目前小型医院废水处理现场制作一般采用电解食盐法。但次氯酸钠消毒能力弱,处理过程中带来废渣,正逐步被其它产品替代。
(2)液氯法
液氯消毒以它消毒能力强、价格便宜广泛应用于自来水和医院污水消毒。液氯的含氯浓度高,有效氯含量达99%以上,比次氯酸钠溶液高5~10倍。但氯气是一种有刺激性气味的黄色有毒气体,必须有专用的贮存设备和加氯设备。目前,典型的加氯设备有人工定时开启式加氯和自动提升加氯。但有关研究表明,液氯(cl2)会与氨反应生成一氯胺、胺而消耗液氯,也能形成有致癌作用的三卤甲烷(thm),加上液氯的不完全性,所以液氯消毒受到限制。
(3)二氧化氯发生器法
二氧化氯发生器(clo2)在水中的溶解度是氯的5倍,其氧化能力是氯气的215倍左右,是一种强氧化剂。是国际上公认的含氯消毒中唯一的高效消毒剂。它可以杀灭一切微生物,包括细菌繁殖体、细胞芽孢、真菌、分枝杆菌和病毒等。它能有效地破坏水中的微量有机污染物,如化物等。能很好地氧化水中一些还原状态的金属离子如fe2+、mn2+、ni2+等。二氧化氯发生器最大的优点在于与腐殖质及有机物反应几乎不产生发散性有机卤化物,不生成并抑制生成有致癌作用的三卤甲烷,也不与氨及氨基化合物反应。
电解法二氧化氯发生器二氧化氯发生器由于其不安定性与不稳定性,生产、运输和贮存都较困难,一般必须现场制作,制备二氧化氯发生器的起始原料有含氯无机盐(主要是次氯酸钠、氯酸钠等)和氯气。化学反应如下:
含氯无机盐生产二氧化氯发生器
naclo+hclynacl+hclo
hcl+hclo+2naclo2y2clo2+2nac+h2o
用氯气产生二氧化氯发生器
cl2+h2oyhclo+hcl
hclo+hcl+2naclo2y2clo2+2nac+h2o
目前国内已有此种产品出售,通常称二氧化氯发生器发生器(化学法)。另外,国内市场上有通过电解食盐水制备二氧化氯发生器的装置,实践证明,电解法clo2发生器存在不少缺点。二氧化氯发生器具有高效、快速、广谱的消毒性能,越来越引起人们的关注。但最新研究表明(1)加入到水中的二氧化氯发生器有50%~70%转变为clo-2、clo-3。而clo-2、clo-3对红血细胞有损害,对碘的吸收代谢有干扰,还会使血液胆固醇升高。
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